Effects of a Role Playing Game on the Anxiety and...

The main focus of the present study will be to observe the effects of a role playing game on the anxiety and confidence levels among college sophomores enrolled in the CUNY institutional system. Specifically, this study will observe the effect of World of Warcraft on students’ perceived levels of anxiety and confidence. 200 CUNY sophomores enrolled in a Calculus II course will be measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 at weeks 1, 7, and 13 and by the Self Confidence Inventory at weeks 2, 8, and 14. Students randomly assigned to the experimental condition will complete two forty-five minute World of Warcraft sessions for a total of ninety minutes a week for a period of fifteen weeks. It is predicted that students in the experimental condition will have a significant decrease in their scores on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 and an increase in their scores on the Self Confidence Inventory at the end of the study. Also of interest in the present stud y is the academic achievement among both the control and experimental participants. Participants’ GPA will be recorded from their Calculus I course and will again be recorded at the end of the semester in their Calculus II course. Introduction In the past decade there has been an increased interest in video games and their potential uses to increase motivation and academic achievement. A variety of games have been designed to engage students and provide academic learning in various subjects.Show MoreRelatedPerceived Stress Levels and Stress Management Among Paramedical Students Lyceum of the Philippines University: Towards Stress Management Enhancement15005 Words   |  61 PagesPerceived Stress Levels and Stress Management Among Paramedical Students Lyceum of the Philippines University: Towards Stress Management Enhancement Maribel D. Mayuga-Barrion, DDM, MAT It is recognized that stress is a normally occurring part of life. Selye was the first to describe the term stress as a state produced within an organism subjected to a stimulus perceived as a threat (Selye, 1957). He spoke of stress as a condition that occurs commonly in response to any adaptive response withinRead MoreMy : My Virtual Life Assignment10439 Words   |  42 Pages MY VIRTUAL LIFE ASSIGNMENT Emily Jensen Community College of Aurora My Virtual Life Assignment For this assignment, I have organized my responses into a report based on the following periods of development: infancy and toddlerhood (birth to 30 months), early childhood (3 to 5 years), middle childhood (6-11 years), and adolescence (12-18 years). The last section of my paper includes my responses to the personal reflection questions. Infancy and Toddlerhood 8 Months 1. How doesRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesEngineering Science from the University of California at Berkeley, spent a year at the University of Shefï ¬ eld in England, and ï ¬ nished his Ph.D. in statistics at Stanford University. He previously taught at the University of Florida and at Oberlin College and has had visiting appointments at Stanford, Harvard, the University of Washington, and New York University. From 1998 to 2006, Jay served as Chair of the Statistics Department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The StatisticsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 PsychologyRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesinstance, if you choose to prove your ability as a competent project manager in one essay, you may wish to discuss a more personal issue like your relationship with your parents or partner in the  ·next., Reach inside yourself for examples of strength, confidence, and accomplishment. In the end, your fundamental objective is to prove that you are greater than the sum of your individual application parts such as your GMAT score, academic transcripts, or professional laurels. While those parts of the applicationRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning

The Declaration Of The Treaty Of Versailles - 2746 Words

Introduction to the Issue: Once Germany signed the First Armistice at Compià ¨gne on November 11, 1918, World War I finally came to an end. As a result, over thirty nations met at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 in order to come up with a peace treaty for the war. However, When the Treaty of Versailles was drafted at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, tensions between winners and losers ran high. Being the victors of the Great War, many allied powers controlled negotiations and treaty clauses that were extraordinarily unfavorable to axis powers. The most controversial treaty terms that we will debate in this committee are also the terms that gave rise the the Second World War and the immense devastation that came with it. It is your job as the heads of your respective states to fix the damage caused by the treaty and to make both domestic and foreign efforts to avoid WWII because, frankly, if the crisis team delivers a message that the UK and France have declared war on Germany, you lose. This committee i s for intermediate to advanced delegates who are able to respond to crises and negotiate with foes. The Treaty of Versailles (1918) War Guilt Clause: Under Article 231 of the Treat was a statement that said that Germany had to accept full responsibility for starting the war (the war guilt clause).This meant Germany took full responsibility to all the damage done throughout Europe. Not only was Article 231 a blow to the German confidence-- they weren’t the onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of The Treaty Of Versailles Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthought out plan, however many other countries like France and Russia wanted vengeance on Germany. With great objection, Germany signed the treaty. The nation was deemed responsible for the war, leaving Germany feeling oppressed by the other nations. Although Wilson s 14 points was an excellent proposal to end the war and maintain world peace, the Treaty of Versailles prevailed resulting in hostility between nations . Wilson s Fourteen points had the potential to possibly prevent future wars and createRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Treaty Of Versailles1133 Words   |  5 PagesTo avoid another World War people need to learn what caused them. The whole purpose of the Treaty of Versailles was to promote peace and stop the wars, but in the end all it did was create another World War. Many predicted the result of the weak treaty, but people didn’t listen to them. Jan Christian Smuts, a South African statesman, wrote to British Prime Minister David Lloyd George: â€Å"This treaty breathes a poisonous spirit of revenge, which may yet scorch the fair face- not of a corner of FranceRead MoreThe Influence of the Treaty of Versailles on the Outbreak of World War II931 Words   |  4 Pages The Treaty of Versailles influenced the outbreak of WWII by angering the Germans, weakening their country, and making Germany vulnerable to Hitler’s influence. The Treaty of Versailles was made to keep Germany from stirring up commotion again by starting another war. It was signed at the end of WWI, which the Germans had lost, and therefore they were forced to sign the treaty, which took away their colonies, section ed their land, made them pay for other countries military costs, and forcedRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1488 Words   |  6 Pagesinterests of the country, remained unchanged in the aftermath of World War I. When Wilson asked Congress for a Declaration of War, he did so with the belief that the purpose of American involvement in World War I was not one of â€Å"revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, human right, of which we are only a single champion† (Declaration of War, April 2, 1917); in other words, America was fighting in the war to defend human rights. At the ParisRead MoreWoodrow Wilson s World War I1392 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone dreams of being a great leader, but little did Woodrow Wilson know that he would lead the United States through the Great War. Initially, he preserved the United States’ neutrality, but later asked Congress for a declaration of war, though he still wishe d for peace. Wilson was a strong leader throughout World War I, but he knew that there needed to be a long-lasting peace. While his European allies were looking for power to change hands, Wilson was only looking for peace. Woodrow WilsonRead MoreHilters Foreign Policy Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagessecuring the utopian of Hitlers Arian society. The strength of Hitlers belief being reflected in the four year plans orientation towards future wars. The crushing of the Treaty of Versailles was necessary if lebensraum was to be achieved also interlinked with this was the unification of all Arians. The Treaty of Versailles was damaging to Germany both socially, economically, territorially and militarily; land being removed, Germans being separated and reparations being demanded. Perhaps most devastatingRead MoreThe Arizona Constitution Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence Arizona Declaration of Rights. 1756 1756-1763: War between the French and Indian( Seven Years War) 1776 A Spanish fort built in Tucson 1775-1783 The United States was created by the American Revolution War. They were fighting because of the taxes levy by the British. 1776 United States Declaration of Independence-July 4, 1776 1778 France made alliance with the American revolutionary forces after fighting against Britain 1783 United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Paris onRead MoreResults of World War 1772 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I - Results The First World War â€Å"ended† in 1918 in November, when the Treaty of Versailles was signed to create an armistice. Though this treaty became active on that day for Western Europe, this treaty did not take effect in Eastern Europe until up to mid-1920s. Political, cultural, and social order was changed immensely in Europe, Asia, and Africa, even countries not directly in the war. As a result of the damages from the war, many new countries were formed. Also, millions of peopleRead MoreThe End Of The World War I2100 Words   |  9 Pageswar, the United States, and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended four years later with the defeat of the Central Powers. The Treaty of Versailles drafted in 1919, was one of the numerous attempts by the Allied Powers to achieve revenge on Germany and dismantle its economy. The treaty caused great unrest in Germany and dissatisfaction with the nascent postwar German government, the Weimar Republic. The unrest and dissatisfaction led to the rise of the NationalRead MoreHitler Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthe east† specifically â€Å"Russia and Border States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hitler wanted equality among nations and the abolition of peace treaties. This is revealed in the quote from Hitler, â€Å"We demand equality among nations† and â€Å"abolition of the peace treaties of Versailles and St. Germaine†. In 1919 the treaty of Versailles took 70,000 sq. miles and limited the German army to 100’000 troops. The treaty of St. Germaine made it so that Germany could not join with Austria. Due to all of these things Hitler was inclined

Is Striving to Achieve a Goal Always the Best Course of Action Free Essays

Topic:Is striving to achieve a goal always the best course of action, or should people give up if they are not making progress? We are blase about the mentality people hold toward success, especially in this modern society, that don’t waste time on something any more if you haven’t achieved accomplishment. While, I still cannot help but believe despite my own cynicism that persistence is the panacea to reach the goal. When it comes to the clash between insistence and relinquishment, a well-known saying originates from the British dramatist, William Shakespeare, appears before my eyes, that is†Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Striving to Achieve a Goal Always the Best Course of Action? or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Nowhere has the significance of determinedness been so vividly and accurately expressed as by Jack Welch and the King’ s Speech. I cannot imagine the GE without Jack Welch, but I am sure that if he left GE at that time, we will lose the â€Å"most revered CEO†. Welch joined General Electric in 1960. At first, he worked as a junior engineer, at a salary of $10,500 annually. Welch was displeased with the $1,000 raise he was offered after his first year, as well as the strict bureaucracy within GE. However, Reuben Gutoff, a young executive two levels higher than Welch, persuaded Welch and tried to convince him to stay. After deliberation, he gave up the idea of resigning and resolved the thought to change the bureaucracy. If he resigned at that time, he would not have such success in the future. After many years hard-working, Welch eventually took his oath of CEO and brought GE ushering in a prosperous era. During his office, Welch took many measures to reform the corporation system. For example, he shuted down factories, reduced payrolls and cut lack-luster old-line units. What’s more, Welch fired the bottom 10% of his managers resolutely. Because of his actions, many staff rejected him and a man who was fired by him even tried to kill him. Confronting these frustrations, he never thought about withdrawing, but executed his regulations more unswerving. I wonder if he gave up his ideas just due to so many difficulties, GE might not have such achievements. Jack Welch attained his goals by his firm actions and the spirit of never saying die. Bernard Shaw said that â€Å"Success covers a multitude of blunders. † Obviously, successful people’s accomplishments are based on the experience of failure. Jack Welch tells us like that, and the King’ s story also corroborate this truth. The King’s Speech, just like its title, describes a king who overcomes the impedance of stammer and eventually becomes the symbol of resisting spirit of Britain during the World War Two depends on his inspiring speech. At first, because of his stammer, George VI doesn’t want to take the oath, but after a series of accidents, he is forced to become the king. Fortunately, Geroge VI encounters the language impedance therapist Lionel, who helps him cures his stutter. During the treatment, Geroge VI gives up for so many times, but by virtue of his wife’s encouragement and Lionel’s genuine, he conquers his difficult and achieves following attainments. If he surrenders to the illness, maybe today we just know that there is a stammer king in the history of Britain, but not a great king. All in all, resoluteness is not only a sort of attitude toward failure, but also a key element of success which we cannot never ignore just like Jack Welch and Geroge VI. How to cite Is Striving to Achieve a Goal Always the Best Course of Action?, Essay examples

Blind Oedipus Essay Research Paper Blind OedipusIn free essay sample

Blind Oedipus Essay, Research Paper Blind Oedipus In # 8220 ; Oedipus The King # 8221 ; by Sophocles, we see a adult male, Oedipus, who can see but can non see at the same clip. Oedipus has been chosen to look for the liquidator of the former male monarch, Laius. Little does he cognize that he, a few old ages prior, was the 1 who killed king Laius. He has besides been destined to kill his male parent and get married his female parent, which he knows he # 8217 ; s destined but does non see that he already has. There are many factors in the narrative that give Oedipus intimations and hints that tell him that he killed king Laius, his male parent, and married his female parent Jocasta. The seniors suggest that Oedipus consult the blind prophesier Tiresias. Tiresias will state Oedipus the truth on who killed Laius. We will write a custom essay sample on Blind Oedipus Essay Research Paper Blind OedipusIn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Tiresias arrives, Oedipus asks him to state him who killed Laius. Tiresias tells Oedipus that he can non state because he would non like the reply that he is traveling to give, but Oedipus orders him excessively speak. Tiresias tries stating Oedipus discretely that he is the slayer, but Oedipus can non see because he is unsighted to see the truth. Finally Tiresias comes out and says to Oedipus that he is the slayer. Tiresias says # 8220 ; I say you are the liquidator you hunt # 8221 ; ( line 413 ) , but Oedipus still refuses to see that he is killer and mocks Tiresias because he can non see and science he tilt see he is lying. Tiresias even says that Oedipus is the unsighted 1 that cant see what is traveling on, he says # 8221 ; so, you mock my sightlessness? Let me state you this. You with your cherished eyes, you # 8217 ; re blind to the corruptness of your life, to the house you live in, those you live with-who are your parents? Do you cognize? All ignorantness you are t he flagellum of you own flesh and blood the dead below the Earth and the life here above, and the dual cilium of your female parent and your male parents curse will flog you from this land one twenty-four hours, their footstep treading you down in panic, darkness hiding you eyes that now can see the light # 8221 ; ( lines 468-479 ) . Jocasta besides tells Oedipus things that he should take as intimations as to h is past and present. She tells him about a boy that she and king Laius had but the boy was sent off by a confederate to fling on a waste, trackless mountain. Then Oedipus starts to oppugn when Laius was killed and where he was killed. Then he begins to remember that he besides killed some work forces at that same topographic point and about the same clip, but he still doesn’t believe that it could hold been him. He so recollects on a clip in Corinth, were he is from, of a clip that a adult male told him that he was non the boy of Polybus, male monarch of Corinth. Unknown to his parents he went to Delphi to speak to Apollo he said â€Å"you are fated to match with your female parent, you will convey a strain of kids into the light no adult male can crush to see-you will kill your male parent, the 1 who gave you life! † That is why he went to Thebes that manner he wouldn’t kill his male parent and get married his female parent. On his manner to Thebes he stopped at the topographic point were they say the male monarch was killed and faut and killed a group of work forces and a adult male in a Equus caballus drawn waggon that resembled that of the adult male Jocasta had spoken of. Then realizes that he did kill male monarch Laius, besides his male parent, and married his female parent Jocasta so he considered him self-the foulest of all persons. When Jocasta gets word of this she hangs her ego. Oedipus is so huffy at him self that he rips off her broachs, and with long gold pins stabs him self in the eyes and says out loud, â€Å"you, you’ll see no more hurting I suffered, all the hurting I caused! Too long you looked on the 1s you neer should hold seen, blind to the 1s you longed to see, To cognize! Blind from this hr on! Blind in the darkness-blind! † So know we see that at first Oedipus wasn # 8217 ; t truly blind he merely couldn # 8217 ; t see the truth. Know he is blind because he can see what he has done and the hurting he has caused. So he decides to non see to halt some agony by non holding to look at the faces of the people that he one time ruled over and his kids # 8217 ; s faces. So know blind Oedipus is know truly blind. Sophocles, # 8220 ; The Three Theban Plays # 8221 ; ( Penguin Books ) 1982 Newyork Newyork

Effects of Violence Media on Aggression

Introduction Craig and Bushman (2002) conducted a study that confirmed studies performed previously regarding the effects of media on aggression and the behavior of children. Studies conducted from 1975 onwards suggest that violent media generates both long and short-term effects that tend to affect the socialization of individuals.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Effects of Violence Media on Aggression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent investigators observe that aggression increases tremendously among individuals who play violent video games for over three times consecutively. Whenever such individuals play violent games, they are exposed to aggressive behavior and their expectations tend to be hostile as well. In particular, playing violent games result to short-time violence, aggressive behavior, and nervousness. Scholars compare playing violent games to smoking. It is factual that just one cigarette ca nnot cause cancer, but continuous intake would probably increase the chances of contracting cancer. This implies that incessant exposure to sadistic video games might perhaps have a cumulative effect on hostility. Even though video games play a critical role in educating the young people, they affect the behavior of individuals in their entire life in case they are not employed carefully. The correlation between aggression and violent media is often disputed since many people expect the results to be instant whereby an individual is expected to watch the violent video and shoot another person the next minute. Since this cannot happen, Craig Anderson and other scholars explain the relationship between the violent media and aggression. Craig suggests that a collection of cells in the mind is charged with the role of detecting the occurrence of something new in the environment. Responsible body organs activate cells anytime something new is experienced. If two things happen at the same time, they are wired together meaning that the body will always link the occurrence of violence to the violent media (Craig, 2004). This paper looks at the three major effects of violent games. An individual’s biological, social, and psychological processes are affected whenever a child plays or watches violent media continuously. Effects of Violent Media on Aggression Type of Effect Effect Justification Explanation Biological Abnormal heart rate and sleep Studies show that independent nerve system, as well as the central physiological structures in the body can perhaps be affected even without the knowledge of the individual when a violent video game is watched or played. In one of the studies conducted at the Stockholm University, it was established that violent media has a negative effect on the functioning of the heart, which automatically interferes with sleep among children. The study was conducted with a sample of thirty teenage boys aged between thirteen years a nd fifteen years (Krahe, 2012). Upon division of the sample into two groups, the high exposure group was subjected to violent video games for at least three hours. The low group played the violent game for less than an hour. The findings of the study revealed that children who played the violent game had problems with their heart rates, as well as sleeping. Children were anxious after the game meaning that violent games elicit more stress at bedtime. Moreover, children were exhausted, which is an indication that violent media interferes with sleep. Psychological Development of aggressive behavior A number of studies conducted in the United States, as well as other countries, suggest that children, who are often exposed to violent media, develop aggressive behaviors that are always dangerous to their survival and the survival of other societal members. Violent behavior against others and lack of remorsefulness characterize the actions of children with aggressive behavior in society . Such children tend to develop defective belief, which generates stressors that might lead to many unconstructive events. Such children develop increased sentiment of antagonism and decreased expressive response towards brutality and harm. Children acquire sadistic behavior through learning process (Griffin, 2013). Social/environmental Human behavior is achieved through the process of socialization meaning that an individual would probably develop aggressive behavior through media influence. In case a child is exposed to continuous violent media, chances are high that such a child would develop a deviant behavior, which might lead to the development of aggressive behavior. The media is one of the socializing agents implying that it affects the normal growth of a child. Children should be allowed to interact with video games that are constructive. In the modern society, the media is replacing the family as a primary socializing agent. Therefore, children are likely to adopt aggre ssive behavior that might affect their individual orientation to the world. Thus might happen in case children are allowed to watch or play violent video games (Nauert, 2012) Conclusion Violent media has a tremendous effect on the life of an individual in society. Biologically, violent media interferes with the heart rate and sleep among children. Research shows that watching aggrieve movies and playing violent videos cause sleep difficulties and heart challenges. Psychologically, an individual suffers from stress and anxiety if he or she is continuously exposed to violent media. From a social perspective, violent media interferes with the socialization of the individual, as he or she tends to develops aggressive behavior. References Craig, A. (2004). Violence in the media: its effects on children. Issues in Parenting Education, 1(2), 1-15.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e Craig, A., Bushman, B. J. (2002). Media violence and the American Public revisited. American Psychologist, 57(1), 448-450. Griffin, T. (2013). The Individual in Society (2nd ed.). North Ryde: McGraw-Hill. Krahe, B. (2012). Report of the Media Violence Commission: Media Violence Commission, International Society for Research on Aggression. Aggressive Behaviour, 38(1), 335–341. Nauert, R. (2012 December 11). Negative Effects of Violent Video Games May Build Over Time. Technology News, p. 1. This report on Effects of Violence Media on Aggression was written and submitted by user Freddy T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Bio Notes

Essay on Bio Notes Essay on Bio Notes Vocab Genetic diversity: the level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species Species diversity: is the effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals Structural Diversity: is the divisions in a community that result from having many different physical characteristics Protista: free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes, diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms Bacteria: a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms lacking organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease, consist of prokaryotic microorganisms Fungi: an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms Binomial nomenclature: the system of nomenclature using two terms, the first one indicating the genus and the second the species Morphology: the form or structure of an organism or one of its parts Extinction: the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct, no longer existing Natural selection: Theory by Darwin that organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring compared to other organisms. Main process which leads to evolution Phylogeny: branch of biology that studies how groups of organisms are related in terms of how they evolved. Speciation: The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution Niche: a position or role taken by a kind of organism within its community Mutation: the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes Mimicry: the close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object Adaptation: a change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment Survival of the fittest: as the environment changes, those members of a species who, by accidental genetic variation, happen to have traits best fitted to the new environment are most likely to survive long enough to generate offspring Haploid: when an organism has a single set of unpaired chromosomes Diploid: when an organism contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent Spindle: a slender mass of microtubules formed when a cell divides. At metaphase, the chromosomes become attached to it by their centromeres before being pulled toward its ends Synapsis: the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis Gamete: a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote Zygote: a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum Heterozygous: zygosity refers to the similarity of genes for a trait (inherited characteristic) in an organism. If both genes are different, the organism is heterozygous for that trait Homozygous: if both genes are the same, the organism is homozygous for the trait Allele: one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome Plasmid: a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes Trisomy: a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities Non-disjunction: the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal

Market Segmentation and Product Positioning Term Paper

Market Segmentation and Product Positioning - Term Paper Example By the year 2006, the company has become amongst the most popular beer company in the African region (Smit, 2009). This was as a result of aggressive marketing of the beer by the company. This implied that advertising was exceedingly an essential factor for the success of the product. In fact, by the end of 2008, the beer was sold across the whole continent. Up to around 2010, most of the big cities and small town dwellers loved the beer at the bars and lodges. Frequently, joined by competitive alcoholic drinks, the beer has decreased in popularity. Currently, the company’s products are consumed at one billion beers rate per each single day. The company headquarter is located in Lusaka, in Zambia. It is a large firm and has many facilities and structures in different regions across the world. In addition, our company operates in seven nations, specifically in the northwest. The BERVET Company owns three manufacturing facilities with more than twenty five sales locations. The f irm is the largest beer company in the northwest region of Africa. The company offers a wide range of beer brands and services that makes it attractive to its customers. Some of the known brands include kegi, chura, and kiboko among many others. The company has several foundations and programs to assist in various services. For instance, the company has partnered with an LGC company which is an NGO to offer health services. We also support various corporate initiatives that empower girls and women around the region through economic support. We are also focused on providing services on sanitation and water to people who cannot access them. Vision The company is committed to continual renewal so that individuals, organizational structure, facilities, products, systems and our partnership remain dynamic. Mission statement BERVET produces high quality; alcoholic products with a vision of becoming the leading company in Africa by 2015. We are focusing on maintaining our customers as an a sset in expansion mission of the company. We are, therefore, committed to winning our customers loyalty to BERVET products forever. Market target BERVET targets the European market. The market segment for our company includes retailers, wholesalers, the private sector, the government and the individual customers. The company target customers by having specific lines in Europe. We expect our sales to be exceedingly high bearing in mind the variety and quality of our beer that we offer. This is because BERVET plans on reducing prices and opening more outlets for the drink in the region. We are targeting the big restraunts, bars, and lodges. However, there are some essential economic factors that will affect our products that include taxes, economic trends, and the rising energy prices. The legal factors include legislation and regulations on the operations of the business and government initiatives. Also, control from the government might affect the operations of the business. Environ mental factors might also affect the market, but some are uncontrollable like natural disasters and calamities such as fire, earthquakes, and floods. Having identified the market and the factors that might affect these will help in proper planning for strategies like price, promotion and distribution. We must come up with pricing strategies that will aid in profit maximization, current revenue maximization, and maximization of quantity, quality, and profit margin,

Service Learning Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Service Learning Project - Essay Example Finally, I also joined the brainstorming session for Friday’s event where we discussed what was to be presented, and I gave some ideas that were well received. This service-learning project was appropriate for my BComm program course for various reasons, mostly in equipping me with abilities, skills, and knowledge required for a successful career in private and public sectors. The project helped me to explore the communications aspect of the course, as I was able to engage in textual, visual, and verbal messages for a specific audience, in this case, those who are to attend the religious event, which is important to my professional and academic success. It also helped me to explore the information literacy aspect through recognition of required information and the retrieval, evaluation, and effective use of information during my work at the Society’s library. I was also able top engage in teamwork during the brainstorming session that was a valuable lesson in how to interact with other team members during one of the important stages of team decision making. Finally, the project helped me learn about the social and ethical responsibi lity aspect of the course, as I was involved in planning for an event through which the Society was giving back to the

6340 week 1 posts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

6340 week 1 posts - Assignment Example The questions you have raised shed are amazing because you bring out an aspect of research and teaching experience of the faculty that are existing which have not been discussed by others and none of the advertisements I have encountered mention any of that. I however wonder if you would explain why there is need to know the experience of the existing faculty and what relevance that information has on the roles of the nurse educator (OShea, 2002). I also think a secondary research will provide some of that information. The first job’s requirement of employing a US citizen is not only limiting but also prejudicial because US is composed of many nationalities some of whom are more educated and qualified and I have an experience of that. In addition to the questions about accreditation of the institution, the accreditation of the nurse educator who will be employed there may be questioned later by future employees and hence should be a point of concern for the applicants (National League for Nursing Certification Governance Committee, 2005). Further information especially about accreditation can be obtained from websites of higher education in that

Effectiveness Of The Post Sentence Supervision Provisions Criminology Essay

Effectiveness Of The Post Sentence Supervision Provisions Criminology Essay This essay will examine whether the effectiveness of the post sentence supervision provisions for dangerous offenders are adequate. The changing attitude towards the treatment of dangerous offenders will be explored showing that in the twenty first century, the term dangerous offender includes sexual and violent offenders. Most public attention is focused on those who commit sexual and predatory acts against children; hence paedophiles are often associated with such dangerous people. It is a subject which has interested me particularly as the stakes are so high if things do not go to plan. My interest arose due to the adverse publicity surrounding high profile cases where dangerous offenders reoffend and it spurred me into examining whether the post sentence supervision orders worked. The term dangerous offender can also be extended to include potential terrorists, the socially excluded as well as other violent and sexual offenders who carry out offences with a varying degree of seriousness. More controversially dangerousness is also applied to the mentally ill who commit grave offences. At one time the punishment had to fit the crime and although this is still true it has to be looked at in tandem with the risk to society of permitting an offender back into the community. The Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) arrangements were introduced to deal with those dangerous offenders who exist in the community, managing them so that they do not pose a threat to society. MAPPA is a multi agency approach consisting of the police, local authorities, schools, probation service and similar entities. What is the main aim of MAPPA; is to reform the conduct of previous offenders so that through their treatment and rehabilitation they no longer wish to re-offend; or is their aim to merely be preventative and reactionary stopping any re-offending by close supervision? The issue of releasing dangerous offenders into the community is highly controversial because the repercussions of re-offending can be horrendous. It only takes one case where another heinous crime is committed for a public outcry to ensue with the press claiming that the MAPPA system is not working. In addition the effects on the victims is acute with claims that the re-offender should not have been released early or at all, as clearly they still pose a great risk to society. Carefully balanced against the publics desire to be protected is the human rights aspect of the offender. In recent years there has been a tendency for home secretaries to get involved in what are perceived as lenient sentences given to dangerous offenders. In a couple of instances the respective home secretary has intervened to increase the recommended minimum sentence before an offender can be considered eligible for parole. The House of Lords, following an earlier decision, has recently ruled that such intervention by the home secretary is incompatible with the offenders human rights. I will use both qualitative sources with a lesser amount of quantitative material, some extracted at primary sources. Proposed chapters at this juncture are: Chapter 1 The concept of dangerousness will be explored to highlight the type of offenders under discussion. We will look at the controversial area of mentally incapable dangerous offenders and their treatment. An analysis of the legislation including relevant guidance and the views of some academic commentators will be undertaken. Chapter 2 The functioning of the multi-agency public protection arrangements will be examined in detail including a look at one particular police force. Their methodology and data will be examined to ascertain if they are successful or adequate and what is meant by adequate. Government and academic commentaries will be considered Chapter 3 Some high profile publicised cases causing concern will be examined which will lead the press and others to condemn the post supervision orders of dangerous offenders. The issue of dangerous foreign offenders committing serious offences in the UK will be examined. Chapter 4 Analysis of MAPPA data will be examined which will highlight the successes and failures of post sentencing initiatives and suggest possible reforms. Dangerous offenders have human rights and the cases of Anderson and more recently, Whiting, will be explored looking at the aspect of political intervention in minimum recommended sentences. Conclusion will tie all material together with my thoughts on the adequacy of post supervision of dangerous offenders. Literature Review A wide range of literature has been examined including secondary sources comprising eminent academic commentators and also primary sources including court judgments and published reports of the managing agencies have been examined. Other original sources under scrutiny include newspaper articles and commentaries of various public sector personnel. There is an inherent bias built into the views of the MAPPA agencies and government ministers who seek to justify the effectiveness of their respective areas of work. Chapter 1 The modern day criminal justice system in Britain is geared at the rehabilitation of offenders so the prison system is not only a means of incarceration to remove the offender from posing any danger to the public, but also a vehicle for preparing the offender for release and re-integration into society. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (which has been amended by the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008) sets out the criteria for dealing with dangerous offenders and is important to the court for sentencing purposes. Dangerous offenders are identified by reference to the commission of specified violent and sexual offences set out in Schedule 15 of the Criminal Justice Act. That Act says that a court must determine whether there is a significant risk to members of the public of serious harm by the commission by him of further offences (Criminal Justice Act, S 229). In a recent case the Court of Appeal held that in determining dangerousness the court was not confined to considering only admissible evidence and could consider, as it did in the case, an alleged history of violence although the offender did not have convictions (R v Considine and Davis, 2007). Public protection was enhanced under the Criminal Justice Act by the introduction of a sentence of imprisonment for public protec tion which ensures that certain offenders are not released until the Parole Board determines that it is safe to do so. Problems arise because although the term dangerous offender is used in a general way it is in fact extremely difficult to predict who is dangerous as individuals vary in their behaviour. Not only do individuals vary as between each other so that there are differing degrees and shades of dangerousness but also, on an individual basis, the scope for carrying out dangerous and violent acts may vary on a daily basis. The notion of dangerousness is therefore extremely complex in itself and is capable of shifting on an individual basis whereby assessing and predicting future behaviour can be compared to attempting to mould soft sand into a permanent form. Human nature can be fundamentally and inherently unpredictable even among stable law abiding individuals, so when mentally unstable people are added to the melting pot, the decision as to assessing their dangerousness becomes more complex. In the UK, policies addressing those with dangerous and severe personality disorders (DSPD) has expanded considerably in recent years against a background that people with personality disorders should not be precluded from accessing services available to the rest of society. The DSPD programme deals with patients who have the most severe personality disorders. The DSPD programme offers an intensive multi disciplinary treatment programme based on individual need and comprising a cognitive-behavioural group-based intervention approach with opportunities for social interaction, in ward-based community meetings for example. Specific treatment includes offence-specific groups, such as sex offender group and violence reduction programmes. There has been a shift of policy from placing people with DSPD in prisons into secure hospitals with the National Health Service taking a more active role in providing treatment. A smaller number of medium secure and community places have been programmed, but so far the implementation has fallen behind target and the rehabilitation of DSPD patients back into the community remains extremely challenging. Evaluation of the DSPD programme is a work in progress and the impact of this policy on reoffending rates remains to be deduced. Persons assessed as having DSPD must be detained for treatment and discharge from detention is dependent upon a test of public safety as against favourable responsiveness to treatment. The link between dangerous behaviour and mental illness remains embedded in public opinion despite the attempts of mental health practitioners to highlight the absence of such a connection. A study of public opinion towards schizophrenia found that 70% of respondents view this group as dange rous (Crisp et al, 2001). Regarding treatment in the community following release from prison or hospital, Leung cites the European judgment of W v Sweden 1988, in which compulsory medication on discharge from hospital was not a deprivation of liberty and would not impinge Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Leung, 2002). Prison population has increased dramatically over the last fifteen years from circa 43,000 at the start of the 1990s (Home Office, 2005a) to in excess of 80,000 today. Although there are numerous reasons given to explain this startling increase, the focus of the public on dangerousness is one such explanation. In 2006 a review was conducted which claimed that prison was the best place for dangerous offenders as it stopped them from re-offending (Home Office, 2006a, p. 32). In 2007 with the creation of the Ministry of Justice the preceding approach to detaining dangerous offenders for a long time did not change. On the contrary, the newly formed Ministry reiterated that prison places are available to protect the public from dangerous offenders (Ministry of Justice, 2007, p 4). The 1990s preoccupation with public protection shaped the policies of protecting the public from the risk of serious harm arising from violent offenders and the aim of responding more effectively to the risk of paedophiles and the increase in child sex abuse (Grubin, 1998) Within the UK the population is generally extremely fearful of the level of violent and sexual crime (Ditton Farrell, 2002; Kemshall, 2003). The focus on this type of crime has been exacerbated by the media and even when crime rates are shown to be falling, the public perception is that they are living in a more violent society. Dangerousness has therefore been widely used to describe an increasing amount of offences and has been accompanied with an expectation of more punitive sentences to deal with the increase. Barbara Hudson asserts that there has been a significant shift from doing justice to controlling risks as the goal of law and order and penal strategies (Hudson, 2002; p 101). The modern society is characterised by the increasing scope and influence of the mass media. The far reaching scrutiny of the global mass media means that the negatives of modern society are reported and in terms of criminal justice, its failings can be exposed. Such exposure is accompanied by cynici sm towards expert opinions and the positive effects of legislation (Garland, 2000). Garland (2001, p178) has described the space between the community and prisons as having become more strictly enforced stating that Those offenders who are released into the community are subject to much tighter control than previously and conditions that continue to restrict their freedomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the community into which they are released is actually a closely monitored terrain, a supervised space, lacking much of the liberty that one associates with normal life. Commenting on a Panorama programme broadcast in 2006, HM Chief Inspector of Probation said he thought the programme made a fair point when he said that general talk of close supervision and monitoring of offenders can give a misleading impression to the public of the extent of measures taken to prevent them (Bridges, 2007). It is clear in the early stages of this essay that there are different views on the nature and extent of monitoring to which dangerous offenders are subjected on their release from prison. Academics like Garland above consider the measures stringent, tantamount to imprisonment within the community, whereas the enforcers of those measures, probation workers, maintain that it is unhelpful to make it sound as if community service is prison in the community which it plainly is not (Bridges, 2007 p 4). Chapter 2 Violent sex offenders Once prisoners reach the end of their sentence but are still considered dangerous, measures are put in place to manage them in the community. The Violent and Sex Offender Register (ViSOR) is managed by the National Policing Improvement Agency of the Home Office. It comprises records stored on a database of those obligated to register with the police in accordance with the Sexual Offences Act 2003; those jailed for more than 12 months for violent offences and people not convicted of any crimes but who are deemed to be at risk of offending. It was rolled out to every probation area and prison establishment in England and Wales in 2008 with police, probation and prison services using the same IT system for the first time. This co-ordination should ensure that the quality and synchronisation of risk assessments are improved leading to effective interventions to prevent re-offending. In 2009 Greater Manchester Police responded to a freedom of information request under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In complying with the request the police reported that of 16 people within their jurisdiction who were on the ViSOR since 2007, 4 had not been convicted. So 25% of those on the ViSOR had not yet been convicted of a crime in a court of law yet they were subjected to the reporting and other requirements placed on individuals who are so registered. Sexual Offences Act The notification periods for offenders are also contained within the Sexual Offences Act 2003. Where offenders are subject to imprisonment for life or for more than 30 months; imprisoned for public protection; admitted to hospital under a restriction order or subject to an order for lifelong restriction the notification period is indefinitely. The question of the legitimacy of lifelong registration has been subjected to challenge in recent years. It was successfully challenged in the High Court and the appeal against the decision was dismissed in the Supreme Court which stated that lifelong registration was incompatible with human rights (European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8). Recent Challenge and human rights The ViSOR database holds name and address records, photographs, risk assessment, offenders modus operandi, and an audit trail. The Police National Computer is linked to ViSOR. According to the National Policing Improvement Agency 77,000 records of named individuals are maintained on the database. [7] Sex offenders subject to the register must inform the Police within 3 days [8] of becoming subject to the notification requirements, or within 3 days of various changes occurring [9], including moving home, changing their name, changes of passport details. Offenders must confirm their registration annually [10]. Failure to comply is an offence, subject to a penalty of up to five years imprisonment. The importance of the ViSOR is that providing registered offenders comply with its provisions, then they can be monitored by the appropriate agencies. Although failure to comply has a penalty of up to 5 years imprisonment, this is of little comfort or assistance to people who are subjected to attacks by offenders who have failed to comply with the notification requirements. In this respect the adequacy of the registration provisions are an end in themselves and do not prevent further offending. Generally speaking the public will derive some comfort from the fact that registered offenders are on the radar of the police and are or should be at certain addresses. Problems ensue when the registered offender is not where he should be so that the supervision and monitoring duty on the agencies breaks down. Of course it may be that the offender has forgotten to register a change of address or he cannot be bothered or he has a genuine reason for not complying and that he has no intention of re-offending. The problem is that with the genuine fear of violent crime within the community, the public are alarmed if they should become aware of such failures. Even worse, if a registered offender does re-offend, the public will see this as evidence of the inadequacy of the supervisory arrangements of the ViSOR. If the non compliant registered offender does not reoffend it may be that the public is kept in oblivious ignorance and it does not come to their attention. Multi Agency Partnership Protection Agencies The MAPPA measures were put in place nine years ago in an attempt to improve the effectiveness of the management of offenders who are in the community. MAPPA has statutory force as the arrangements were first set out in the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 and re-enacted and further strengthened in part 13 section 325 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 imposing a legal duty on agencies. The measures mainly comprise information sharing and the views of professionals who come together pooling their expertise in order to ensure the public is protected from future offending of dangerous offenders. There are 3 levels of cases under MAPPA. Level 1 can be managed by one agency (usually probation service); level 2 requires more than 1 agency and level 3 requires co-ordination among various agencies. The legal duties placed on the police, prison and probation services acting jointly as the responsible authority to establish arrangements for assessing and managing the risks posed by relevant sexual and violent offenders or other offenders who may cause serious harm to the public; to review and monitor those arrangements; and as part of the reviewing and monitoring arrangements, to prepare and publish an annual report on their operation. Other agencies also under a legal duty to co-operate with the responsible authority include local authority social services, primary care trusts, jobcentre plus, youth offending teams. Local housing providers, local education authorities and electronic monitoring providers. Thus MAPPA involves a wide range of bodies which in itself is good but the effectiveness of its measures lie in the ability to co-ordinate responses across all spectrums of the agencies by the responsible authority. In most cases the offender will be managed by the agency with supervisory responsibility but several offenders require multi-agency management and their risk management plans will be compiled and monitored at MAPPA meetings in which various agencies are present. MAPPA is primarily concerned with managing risk. David Hanson, Minister for Justice said Putting in place thorough systems to ensure high level vigilance of serious sexual and violent offenders on their release from prison is vital in our work protecting communities from crime and he also acknowledges that the introduction of the MAPPA have been successful in reducing risk (Ministry of Justice, 2008). Offenders released into the community following a period of imprisonment of 12 months or more will be subject to a licence with conditions (under the supervision of the probation service. If the offender does not comply with the set conditions, breach action will be taken whereby the offender may be sent back to prison. Sexual offences prevention orders can be made with a full order lasting for a minimum of 5 years and a requirement that the offender registers as a sexual offender. Conditions can be imposed restricting the offender from frequenting school playgrounds for example. Again if the offender breaches the order he can be taken back to court and may be imprisoned for up to 5 years. Foreign travel orders prevents offenders with convictions for sexual offences against children from travelling abroad so as to prevent children from the risk of sexual harm. In 2008, the Home Office began pilots which increased the amount of information about certain child sex offenders which was available to the public. People were able to ask for information about a person who has contact with their children. The pilots took place throughout 4 police areas and were completed in September 2009. Although the pilots were to be evaluated with a view to being implemented nationwide, regardless of the outcome of that evaluation, there is already an obligation to consider during a case review, whether there is a need to disclose information about the offender as part of the risk management plan. This would appear to be duplication and there does seem to be a necessity for MAPPAS to be seen to be continuously evolving as the offender is always one step ahead. Polygraph tests In October 2009 the Ministry of Justice announced that it was piloting mandatory polygraph tests for sex offenders in the community. The polygraph test is being scrutinised to ascertain whether it might be another useful tool for the effective management of sex offenders. The governing legislation is the Offender Management Act 2007 which authorised the mandatory use of polygraphs on sex offenders who are subject to licence upon their entry into the community following their imprisonment. The polygraph test would be used together with, and not instead of, other management offender tools. Castration Chapter 3 As can be seen there are a wide variety of management tools available under the MAPPA arrangements but their effectiveness and adequacy will now be examined. In October 2009 the Daily Telegraph reported that dangerous foreign criminals are remaining in Britain despite strenuous efforts by the Government to remove them. The paper reports that immigration judges have overturned attempts by the Home Office to remove at least 50 foreign criminals from the country in the past year with their defence lawyers arguing that deporting them would breach their human rights. Examples of such cases are Mark Cadle from Berlize, jailed for having sex with a 14 year old girl who judges said would have his human right to family life infringed if deported because his family lived in Britain. A Somali who had been convicted for manslaughter and robbery was allowed to remain in the country after the court said he would be at serious risk of persecution if deported as he was from a minority clan. Of the 50 cases involved 15 include criminals with convictions for serious violent crimes, 4 sex offenders and 13 with drug convictions. In most of the cases lawyers argued that deporting them would breach their human rights to a family life because many had families in Britain. In some instances like the Somali case, the issues were that the person would be subjected to torture if returned to his homeland in breach of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. On the 2 November 2009 the bleak headlines of the Guardian newspaper read probation service failing to learn lessons over murder of French students, inquiry finds (Travis, 2009). In 2008 two French students were tortured and murdered in London by Dano Sonnex. He was found guilty of their murder and was a violent drug addict who was meant to be under supervision and should have been in jail as he had earlier breached his conditions for release. The case raised fresh anxiety and concerns over the manner in which dangerous offenders are monitored in the community. The parents of the two students were so infuriate that they were preparing to issue proceedings against the probation service and the police. The massive public outcry prompted the chief inspector of probation, Andrew Bridges to look at 276 cases across 10 London boroughs. The findings did not make palpable reading for the relevant MAPPA responsible bodies. Bridges said that the results were disappointing particularly when com pared to 2008 and he deduced that only 54% of the public protection work examined was of sufficiently high level of quality we were looking for. ( ). In 2008 the figure was 63% for the whole London sample so this heralded a poignant deterioration. Another high profile case was the murder of Naomi Bryant in Winchester by Anthony Rice. Rice had served 16 years in prison and had committed several sexual attacks including rape and attempted rape. At the time of the murder he was on life licence and was under the supervision of Hampshire Probation Area alongside numerous other agencies via MAPPA. Following the murder of Bryant an independent report was undertaken which concluded that there were serious shortcomings in the way Rice had been managed prior and since his release from prison. The report revealed that the failure to properly manage Rices risk of being a danger to the community was not the fault of one particular person or agency but was a collective failure of measures both within the prison and the community. Upon his release there was no clear indication of who took the lead responsibility for Rice and there followed transfers of key responsibilities which made for inconsistencies and lack of co-ordination. The conditions on the Licence were vague; for example one condition stated that Rice should not misuse substances and the hostel staff where he was staying interpreted this as meaning that he could consume alcohol. The report criticised the MAPPA panel for allowing them to be distracted by human rights consideration at the expense of public protection. The report highlighted lack of communication and errors of judgment and reinforced the importance of the three responsible agencies having clarity and consistency in their practices and procedures. The next notorious case concerns the murder of John Monckton and the attempted murder of his wife by 2 young men both under the supervision of London probation. When Hanson was 17 years old he received a sentence of 12 years for attempted murder and conspiracy to commit robbery, and it was during his licence period for this offence that he committed the murder of Monckton. Hanson ought to have been referred to MAPPA but he was not, despite being assessed as a high risk of causing harm. So despite being branded as a high risk he was not treated as such. The parole board failed to appreciate the relevance of Hansons predeliction for using instrumental violence and his recorded included utilising violence for financial advantage. Hanson was placed on a CALM programme which does not address this type of violence. After his release he was to report to an office which was within the exclusion zone from which he was banned; clearly a mistake. His residency was also an issue resulting in him living in a hostel which had not been approved by the parole board because the approved hostel in Essex had refused his application. The interpretation of licence conditions caused problems and the risk of harm posed was not assessed or managed adequately and there was a lack of co-ordination with the partnership arrangements. The inspectorate report concluded there was a collective failure to describe the failure in practices of all those managing Hanson and White and acknowledged the considerable organisational constraints in their management (HM Inspectorate of Probation, 2006) Positive Aspects There are however some positive aspects to the work of MAPPA (HM Inspectorate of Probation, 2006). The report decided that in the vast majority of cases MAPPA had been very effective and produced good work although there was still room for improvement. The report concluded that the risk of harm assessments had been accurate in a high proportion of cases. The probation and prison services worked closely in order to identify appropriate offender programmes and appropriate tools were activated to manage the risk of harm posed by particular offenders. The public protection arrangements which existed in 2001 and found wanting (Maguire et al 2001) had greatly improved by 2005. In 2001 apart from the probation and police few of the other agencies bothered to attend meetings. The introduction of the Criminal Justice Court Services Act 2000 had made real and major improvements to the management of high risk cases. In 2005 most agencies were attending meetings and recording decisions and the evidence used to reach their conclusions with all areas having regular case reviews and information sharing protocols in place. Procedures were in place to manage offenders at all the levels including appropriate risk classification tools and gate keeping through the system. However resources were a problem as were the IT case management systems. But in the 4 years since 2001 a more structured and clear approach to managing high risk offenders was in place throughout England and Wales (Madoc-Jones, 2006) The lifelong restrictions on sex offenders living and travel arrangements were recently judged to be a breach of human rights (R (JF(by his litigation friend OF) ) Anor v SSHD). Section 82 Sexual Offences Act requires all persons sentenced to thirty months imprisonment or more for a sexual offence to tell the police where they reside and if they travel abroad for the rest of their lives. Importantly there is no right to review the operation of the requirement. Both respondents were sex offenders and they challenged the lifelong notification requirement on the basis that it was a disproportionate requirement and breached their human rights under Article 8 CONCLUSION The important precis from which to start is that unless all dangerous offenders are imprisoned with maximum security so that escape is virtually impossible, it is impossible to guarantee that there is no risk to the public of harm from these offenders. As such measures are impractical, too costly and in breach of human rights legislation, then the present system is the one which exists and in which improvements can be made. In fact the present MAPPA system is a way of protecting the public with measures which do not affront human rights legislation. Unfortunately government policy has in the past been influenced by public outcry with the press wielding influence with its sometimes sensational headlines. The fact remains that the MAPPA and other arrangements involve many people who are capable of making errors of judgments which can have tragic consequences for victims should offenders reoffend. Every time one person is subjected to a sexual or violent attack, there is a public outcry and a condemnation of the release into the community of dangerous offenders and that the measures are inadequate. However MAPPA in itself does comply with the requirements of the human rights legislation Bib Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control:Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press HMPS (2005 b) Public Protection Arrangement: Working Together to Defend Communities, 17 October 2005, available at: http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/resourcecentre/pressreleases/index.asp?id=4193,230,608,242,0,0, (accessed on 21 June 2010) HM Inspectorate of Probation 2006. An Independent Review of a Serious Further Offence Case: Damien Hanson and Elliot White. Retrieved on 2010 from http://inspectorates.homeoffi

Maharaja Dalip Singh :: European Europe History

Maharaja Dalip Singh Maharaja DALIP SINGH, the youngest son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who was born in Lahore, on Feb. 1837, to mother Maharani Jind Kaur. His date of birth is disputed by some and alternately suggested as Sept. 4, 1838. Many foreign journalists have wrongly named him as Dhalip Singh and Duleep Singh. However, it should be noted that his correct name is Maharaja Dalip Singh. He assumed the Punjab throne as a child, after Maharaja Sher Singh, on Sept. 18, 1843. During his reign several wars were fought with the British. Unfortunately, he was surrounded by corrupt advisors as illustrated by the following quote. "Among the Sikh barons who stood around the throne of the young Maharaja Dalip Singh, there was not one, who honestly labored for his country, or who have made the smallest sacrifice to save her." - The Punjab Chiefs by L.H. Griffin The agreement of March 9, 1846, after the first Sikh war with the British, included the following conditions: 1) There shall be peace and friendship among Maharaja Dalip Singh and the British government. 2) Lahore darbar would have to relinquish control of the region between Satluj and Bias. 3) War compensation of one and a half crore rupees to be paid by Lahore darbar. Since this amount was beyond the capabilities of Lahore Darbar at that time, Kashmir region was offered for 75 lakhs. However, Maharaja Gulab Singh stepped forward and paid this amount to buy back this region from the British. 4) Maharaja Dalip Singh's forces were restricted to 50 platoons and 12,000 horse-back soldiers. 5) No foreigner from Britain, Europe, or America could be employed in Lahore Darbar without explicit permission of the British government. 6) British government shall refrain from interference in the internal affairs of the Lahore Darbar. However, towards the end of this year, another set of arrangements were made, under which a council was established to run the Punjab affairs. This council was headed by a British Resident. Further, British forces were brought in to maintain peace in the country. Lahore darbar was charged 22 lakh annually for the maintenance and upkeep of such forces. However, this arrangement did not last for too long. As in April of 1848, a war erupted among the Sikhs and British. At the end of this war, Sikh kingdom was annexed and Maharaja Dalip Singh was sent out of Punjab to FatehGadh (Uttar Pradesh, dist.

How to Make Pupusas

How To†¦ I am unique. A type of person that is never mistaken for anyone else (not including looks because my sister looks like me. ) A lot of cultures are different in every way. Salvadoran is something that describes a lot of the Hispanics that are confused with many Mexicans in this country. In El Salvador pupusas is just as popular as pizza in the United States. It is something originated there and nowhere else in the whole world, until of course the immigrants came with them as they became citizens of this country.This whole essay is more of a â€Å"How to†. It is going to be called, How to make Pupusas. There will be the basic instructions and some of the history behind them. After all of this you will enjoy a fine dinner/lunch/breakfast for your whole life. We will start with the basics. This is no rocket science I will tell you that now. Pupusas is made of a thick homemade corn tortilla. It is filled with a blend of cheese, cooked pork meat, and refried beans. To add flavor, we may add loroco which is a vine flower bud from Central America.They are served with curtido (Cabbage slaw with red chilies and vinegar) and a watery tomato salsa. A lot of people mistake the Pupusa with the Gordita from Mexico. The only differences are that the gordita is filled with more stuff and has an opening. This typical Salvadoran food has been around for more than 2000 years. They were created centuries ago by the Pipil tribes. They lived in the territory now known as El Salvador. Until the late 1940s this food became popular around the country when people moves out of towns to cities.When the Salvadoran Civil War broke down a lot of people were forced to move out of the county, where their destination was the United States. This is what made us come here and migrate with our tradition and culture. This all happened in the 1980s, since that day you can find pupuserias (places where pupusas are sold) anywhere where there is a major population of Salvadoreans. S ome places include the states of Maryland, Texas, California, and the country of Canada as well as many more places.Now that we know all about the history and what pupusas are, let’s start cooking! First we need to make the masa. In El Salvador, we would have to take moist corn and take it to a place to ground it all up. Here in the United States we are lucky to have Maseca, an all-usage flour that Hispanics use a lot to cook. We mix that up with water until smooth, we don’t want it watery though. After that we let it sit for 5-10 minutes. Afterwards you want to gather a ball of dough and make about a few 2 diameter wide balls.Try to make a little dent in the middle of the ball, that way there would be a little pocket for the filling. Make sure that it is thick, afterward you put cheese or beans, or pork in the middle. Then we have to close it like a dumpling, after we have it closed you want to make the circle again. You could put a little bit of oil on both sides so then when you put it on the skillet it won’t stick and burn. You put the skillet on medium-high and let it rest there for about two minutes on each side.Overall with the prep and cooking time it would take you about 45 minutes. Everything is very simple to make and super delicious. The last thing to make would be el curtido and la salsa. To make el curtido you will need a cabbage, carrots, and jalapenos or chili peppers, and vinegar. You chop up the cabbage into thin slices and the carrots. The jalapenos can be chopped in tiny squares so that way spice don’t overpower the taste. Then you mix all of those ingredients into vinegar and water and you let it sit throughout the night, make sure to do this a day beforehand.The salsa is way easy to make, all you need would be tomatoes, salt, and pepper. You boil the tomatoes in a pan filled with water, make sure that they get soft but not totally destroyed. Then you blend it with water and put some salt and pepper. You can als o add chopped onions or green peppers to the mix. Then you just blend all of those together and you just put it on a container with the container of el curtido for serving time! I hope this helped out and now you can enjoy a little bit of my home country, something super valuable to me and my culture.

The Problem of Language in All Quiet on the Weste Essays

The Problem of Language in All Quiet on the Weste Essays The Problem of Language in "All Quiet on the Western Front" German Literature The Problem of Language in "All Quiet on the Western Front" For it is no easy undertaking, I say, to describe the bottom of the Universe; nor is it for tongues that only babble child's play. (The Inferno, XXXII, 7-9.) Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel set in World War I, centers around the changes wrought by the war on one young German soldier. During his time in the war, Remarque's protagonist, Paul Baumer, changes from a rather innocent Romantic to a hardened and somewhat caustic veteran. More importantly, during the course of this metamorphosis, Baumer disaffiliates himself from those societal iconsparents, elders, school, religionthat had been the foundation of his pre-enlistment days. This rejection comes about as a result of Baumer's realization that the pre-enlistment society simply does not understand the reality of the Great War. His new society, then, becomes the Company, his fellow trench soldiers, because that is a group which does understand the truth as Baumer has experienced it. Remarque demonstrates Baumer's disaffiliation from the traditional by emphasizing the language of Baumer's pre- and post-enlistment societies. Baumer either can not, or chooses not to, communicate truthfully with those representatives of his pre-enlistment and innocent days. Further, he is repulsed by the banal and meaningless language that is used by members of that society. As he becomes alienated from his former, traditional, society, Baumer simultaneously is able to communicate effectively only with his military comrades. Since the novel is told from the first person point of view, the reader can see how the words Baumer speaks are at variance with his true feelings. In his preface to the novel, Remarque maintains that "a generation of men ... were destroyed by the war" (Remarque, All Quiet Preface). Indeed, in All Quiet on the Western Front, the meaning of language itself is, to a great extent, destroyed. Early in the novel, Baumer notes how his elders had been facile with words prior to his enlistment. Specifically, teachers and parents had used words, passionately at times, to persuade him and other young men to enlist in the war effort. After relating the tale of a teacher who exhorted his students to enlist, Baumer states that "teachers always carry their feelings ready in their waistcoat pockets, and trot them out by the hour" (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Baumer admits that he, and others, were fooled by this rhetorical trickery. Parents, too, were not averse to using words to shame their sons into enlisting. "At that time even one's parents were ready with the word 'coward'" (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Remembering those days, Baumer asserts that, as a result of his war experiences, he has learned how shallow the use of these words was. Indeed, early in his enlistment, Baumer comprehends that although authority figures taught that duty to one's country is the greatest thing, we already knew that death-throes are stronger. But for all that, we were no mutineers, no deserters, no cowardsthey were very free with these expressions. We loved our country as much as they; we went courageously into every action; but also we distinguished the false from true, we had suddenly learned to see. (Remarque, All Quiet I. 17) What Baumer and his comrades have learned is that the words and expressions used by the pillars of society do not reflect the reality of war and of one's participation in it. As the novel progresses, Baumer himself uses words in a similarly false fashion. A number of instances of Baumer's own misuse of language occur during an important episode in the novela period of leave when he visits his home town. This leave is disastrous for Baumer because he realizes that he can not communicate with the people on the home front because of his military experiences and their limited, or nonexistent, understanding of the war. When he first enters his house, for example, Baumer is overwhelmed at being home. His joy and relief are such that he cannot speak; he can only weep (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 140). When he and his mother greet each other, he realizes immediately that he has nothing to say to her: "We say very little and I am thankful that she asks nothing" (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 141). But finally she does speak to him and asks, "'Was it very bad out there, Paul?'" (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 143). Here, when he answers, he lies, ostensibly to

RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay Example

RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay Example RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA By smzungu THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA The term development is very broad and it has therefore brought many scholars in defining it. in economic view, Development can therefore be defined as the increase of level of economic development of a nation. This is looked upon by the economic indicators, for instance; income per capita, gross national product gross domestic product and the inflationary rates. So once these increase in a given country, it is said to have undergone economic development. However, this definition was further criticized by other scholars postulating that the perception on the income per capita is too general due to the fact that there are low class earners and high class earners in a given economy and all the economic indicators may be present but still no economic growth. Other scholars therefore came up other definitions on development. For instance, Walter Rodney who claimed that development can be defined on two ways; development in individual view of which he postulated that evelopment in an individual is the increased skill, capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well-being and a society that is developed is said to have increased capacity to regulate both internal and external relationships. Development can therefore be defined as an economy which has grown and has trickle down effect. That is to say a developed economy should have impact to the people. The modernization theory was developed in 1960. It comes from the capitalist point of view of development and it relates development with modernization. The theory states that a modern society is likely to archive economic development compared to a non-modernized society. A modern society is more productive due to the fact that children receive formal education, there is time consciousness and the needy receive more welfare. This is according to Smelters analysis. However, Coleman goes on saying that a modern society can be differentiated from a non-modernized society using three main features which are: differentiation of the political structure where the political components such as the executive, Judiciary and the parliament are independent and the decisions made annot be altered with by either of them. Secondly, secularization of political culture which refers to the freedom given to all the political parties and leaders to practice their political traditions and culture and finally there is the participation of the society in political systems. The theory further argues that development is a linear process and any society must go through some stages for it to develop. This is further supported by an American economist called Walt Whitman Rostow. Rostow was one 1960 which was like a modification of what Karl max did. He argues that in order for a ociety to undergo economic development, it has to undergo through five linear stages which are traditional society stage, pre-condition to take-off, take off stage, drive to maturity and mass consumption. it is therefore from these stages, we can conclude that a developed society is at the fifth stage of mass consumption. Rostow goes on saying that each stage has characteristics which a society in that stage is likely to undergo; For instance, the traditional society stage is the initial stage of development and every society underwent through this stage. It is generally characterized by low production due to poor technology. Agriculture is in existence but it is mainly subsistence, there are no classes since there is low population and people live in families. The economy in this stage is stagnant and there is no individual mobility. Pre-condition to take off is the second stage and Rostow has shown the characteristics of a society that is in this stage. He argued that external demands for raw materials for raw materials initiate changes, the technology begins to improve, the level of investment also increases, there is change in the social structure and individual mobility comes into existence. A society that is in this stage, has fulfilled the conditions to take off to the other stages. The take offstage is the third stage and is characterized by: manufacturing begins to rationalize and scale increases in a few leading industries as goods are for both export and domestic consumption. The production of secondary goods also increases than the production of primary goods, industries like the textile industries are the first to take off. Moreover, a society in the drive to maturity stage is characterized by the diversification of the industrial base, manufacturing shifts from investment driven owards consumer durable goods and domestic consumption, there is also rapid development of transport infrastructure and large scale investment in social infrastructure example schools and hospitals. Finally, the fifth stage is the mass consumption stage and is characterized by the industrial sector dominating the economy, there is a wide spread consumption of consumer goods and the consumers have more disposable income to purchase luxurious goods. The modernization theory is relevant and is therefore applicable in archiving development in the least developed countries like Tanzania. The underdeveloped countries should make efforts to adopt the characteristics mentioned in each stage by Walt Whitman Rostow to archive development thus the theory is applicable in the following ways: Diversification of the economy. This means that its not only one sector that is being depended in the economy but also other sectors. Tanzania depends on agriculture thus it is the one that dominates the economy. The industrial sector is still at a small scale comprised of small and medium industries most of them producing consumer goods. The agricultural sector being the core economic base of the country still, it is ot well mechanized due to the fact that most people still practice it for subsistence and the ones who practice for commercial purposes are faced by problems of lack of storage facilities, poor climatic conditions for instance most of the regions in Tanzania receive mean annual rainfall of about 800mm and it is not evenly distributed in the country. This makes the agricultural activities to be practiced seasonally hence there is no adequate supply. Tanzania therefore should not only the industrial sector, mining sector, tourism sectors and many others which can be of reat economic benefit to the country. Investment in the social infrastructure. Rostow claims that a society in the drive to maturity stage does much investment in the social infrastructure in there is adequate availability of health facilities, schools and so many others. Furthermore, Coleman stresses much on this by saying that a modern society is likely to achieve development due to the fact that there is the availability of formal education and the society receives more welfare. There to be modernized must therefore do much investment in the creation and distribution on the formal education. For instance the teacher to student ratio in the country is 49:1 of which its still very inappropriate to distribute education effectively. In addition, the number of health facilities in the whole country totaled up to 6321 which obviously the number is too small to cater for the very big population of the country, this shows how poor the country is in the distribution of the social welfare to its people. The improvement of the social infrastructure in Tanzania will therefore lead to a more educated and healthy population which would be much effective in the economic development of Tanzania. Development of economic infrastructure is another feature among the stages of economic development as mentioned by Rostow which Tanzania should also try to adopt so as to archive economic development. Economic development is much contributed for by a much developed transport system since it enhances the provision of goods and services as well as the raw materials needed in the manufacturing industries. The road transport system in the country is not much developed since it is not evenly distributed in the country and most of the roads do not reach the international standards. The airports are available but not with adequate planes to transport a variety of cargo to different parts of the world. This problem has contributed to a slow development of industries in the country as well as less exportation to other countries thus making the country to import more hence making the trade terms unbalanced. Therefore, Tanzania must improve its transport infrastructure so as to enable it be among the developed countries in the world. Smelters analysis entails that a developed country is characterized by the secularization of the political system in which the politicians and their respective arties are allowed to practice their political traditions and cultures. Evidently, this is common in most European countries. Tanzania is a multiparty country but the dominant party is the CCM which has been in leadership for so many decades now. Mostly there has been controversies and every party has its own thing to say and these differences have far much contributed ineffective working of the political leaders because they have to work as per the traditions of the political party in reign this limits the decision making of the leaders of which some could be of much importance to the economic development in the country. Tanzania should therefore practice secularization of its political system so as to reach Rostows highest stage of development. Finally, increase in the level of investment especially in the production of capital goods than the consumer goods. as per the statistics in from the Tanzania Bureau of Statistics, the countrys largest exports are coffee , cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, cloves, diamonds, gold, tobacco and tea. The country imports large quantities building and construction materials, machinery and transport equipment. It is from goods which are very much costly. Rostow argues that in the third and fourth stage of evelopment, the society invests much in industries and the level of industrial growth increases. Therefore, for Tanzania to improve its economy must invest on the import substitution industries which would deal in the production of the capital goods instead of importing them thus saving costs which can later be used to upgrade the living standards of the people in the country. In conclusion, the modernization theory as we have seen is relevant in describing development In different economic societies, the characteristics mentioned in each stage by Rostow, when they are implied, a country will definitely undergo economic development since ach one of them is designed to tackle issues which hinder development in many countries in the world. Most of the developing countries face problems like dis economies of scale, imbalanced terms of trade and so many others of which the solutions towards them are clearly explained in the modernization theory; this shows its applicability in the achievement of development in the least developed countries like -ranzanta. REFERENCES: 1. Walter Rodney. How Europe Undeveloped Africa Tanzania Bureau of Statistics. (Google. com) 2. World Bank Annual Report. (Google. com) 3. UNICEF Tanzania (Google. com) 4.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Globalization - Essay Example Information sharing and bilateral or strategic ties among world nations have been the two major offshoots of globalization. The world today is rightly termed as a global village where no country can stand in isolation. However, all these positive impacts of globalization do not prevent one from assessing its negative impacts; globalization has also given rise to terrorist upheavals and organized crimes such as sex tourism, mafia and drug-trafficking networks all throughout the world. This paper seeks to explore whether the positive effects of globalization can outweigh its negative impacts. One needs to have thorough understanding of the meaning of globalization before analyzing its positive and negative effects on world nations. Robert P. Clark’s postulates that globalization is â€Å"the process by which more and more people come to experience the world as a single place† and that this â€Å"transformation requires that we be able to think globally, that is, think about our world as a single, integrated entity† (Clark 2002, p. 1). As the author makes it clear it is high time that everyone assumed the responsibility of a global citizen; as global citizens each one should have the broad mindedness to think globally; no one should be moved by narrow nationalism. Globalization has facilitated free trade, foreign investments and global capital markets and there are many who hold the view that globalization benefit only the industrialized developed nations. However, one needs to admit that the most striking impact of globalization is that the world has become an open market where open trade and industrial linkages have become so common and easy. This is very well observed by Prakash S. Sethi when he states that â€Å"globalization and the unrestricted flow of capital, goods, and services lead to the creation of wealth and prosperity among all participating nations† (Sethi 2002, p.3). Multinational companies have offered fresh horizons of

American indian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American indian - Essay Example He was also known as â€Å"Liver-eating Johnston† because it was believed that he ate the livers of the Indians he killed as a sign of disrespect. In the movie however, Johnson was not really a violent man. He was only driven into vendetta when the Crow Indians murdered his family. Redford gave a great performance in this movie. Even with just Redford’s acting, the film could very well be a stand-out. Will Geer’s performance as Bear Claw Chris Lapp is also outstanding. The thing that I liked best in the movie is the fantastic cinematography. The film was shot in Utah Zion’s National Park. The setting is breath-taking and gives an excellent backdrop for the movie. The background music used in the movie is very appropriate and blends well with the scenery. I find the last scene of the movie very touching. Johnson is shown reaching his hand into the air as a sign of friendship in reaction to the Crow Chief’s raising of his hand too as a sign of peace b etween the tribe and Johnson. I find this scene also symbolic of the friendship that is to come between Johnson and the Crow Indians. There was so much meaning in this scene. In terms of accuracy, I think Pollack researched well about the language, culture and clothing at that time. The technology presented is authentic such as the use of the Hawken rifle.

Chp 24 dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chp 24 dis - Essay Example or and the promisee), the amount of consideration (money) to be paid, terms of payment (include date of payment or how the payment is to be made) and in case of interest, then it is also indicated in the note. The above are the conditions and instructions present in a promissory note and after it is signed, it is considered legally binding (Miller and Jentz, 394). In the above mentioned case, even though the defendants were acting only as agents of the real promisor who is Sunshine Sales Corp., the promissory note that they signed did not indicate that and hence they are the once considered to be the promisor in this situation. The defendants indicate that a bank officer promised to type the name but they have no witnesses or evidence of such a conversation and hence it cannot hold water in a court of law. They are therefore liable on the notes and all the evidence from the promissory notes states that. If only they had indicated the name of Sunshine Sales Corp. or they had waited until the name was indicated by the bank officer, then they would not be liable as they are

Uses of Water Essay Example for Free

Uses of Water Essay 1. For drinking and for life processes. On an average, a man consumes about 60,000 to 80,000 litres of water in his lifetime. The body of an adult contains nearly 40 to 50 litres of water at any given time and water constitutes about 66% of the average body make up. Aqueous solutions fill the cells in the body. Nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic waste products are transported by blood, which is mostly water. Digested food is absorbed in the form of an aqueous solution. In plants too nutrients are transported in the form of aqueous solutions. 2. In agriculture Plants absorb their nutrients from the soil in the form of dilute aqueous solutions. Much of the worlds food crops are now grown under irrigation i.e. where regular water supply is diverted from dams, rivers, lakes etc. 3. In food industry Water is the common medium used all over the world to prepare various types of foods i.e., for cleaning of food, cooking with/in water: preservation (freezers, fridges etc.) washing and cleaning of utensils, hands etc. 4. In bathing, washing, cleaning, sanitation etc. 5. In industries Chemical industries are the greatest consumers of water; for instance, 170 litres of water is needed to manufacture just 1 kg of steel and about 144 tons of water is needed to produce one ton of paper. 6. For hydro-electric power production. 7. For transportation as well as recreation. Transportation by sea and recreation such as swimming, fishing, sailing and other water sports are the important means of using water. 1. For cooking food, for cleaning and drinking. 2. For cultivating food. 3. For transport and recreation. 4. For cleaning. 5. For plants and animals to live in. 6. For factories, industries and power stations Sources of water: Sources of fresh water Surface water Main article: Surface water Lake Chungarà ¡ and Parinacota volcano in northern Chile  Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface seepage. Although the only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation within its watershed, the total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soil beneath these storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water lost. Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on these factors. Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by draining we tlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing stream flow. The total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consideration. Some human water users have an intermittent need for water. For example, many farms require large quantities of water in the spring, and no water at all in the winter. To supply such a farm with water, a surface water system may require a large storage capacity to collect water throughout the year and release it in a short period of time. Other users have a continuous need for water, such as a power plant that requires water for cooling. To supply such a power plant with water, a surface water system only needs enough storage capacity to fill in when average stream flow is below the power plants need. Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of precipitation within a watershed is the upper bound for average consumption of natural surface water from that watershed. Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed through a canal or pipeline. It can also be artificially augmented from any of the other sources listed  here, however in practice the quantities are negligible. Humans can also cause surface water to be lost (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Brazil is the country estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by Russia and Canada.[4] Under river flow Throughout the course of the river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and true ground-water receiving water from the ground water when aquifers are fully charged and contributing water to ground-water when ground waters are depleted. This is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common. Ground water Main article: Groundwater Sub-Surface water travel time Shipot, a common water source in Ukrainian villages Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an aquifer (sometimes called fossil water). Sub-surface water can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage. The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, sub-surface water storage is generally much larger compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use sub-surface water unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences. Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a sub-surface water source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source. The natural input to  sub-surface water is seepage from surface water. The natural outputs from sub-surface water are springs and seepage to the oceans. If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a sub-surface water source may become saline. This situation can occur naturally under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially under irrigated farmland. In coastal areas, human use of a sub-surface water source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization. Humans can also cause sub-surface water to be lost (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Humans can increase the input to a sub-surface water source by building reservoirs or detention ponds. Desalination Main article: Desalination Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf. Frozen water An iceberg as seen from Newfoundland Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water. The Himalayas, which are often called The Roof of the World, contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia’s largest rivers flow from there, and more than a billion people’s livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures are rising more rapidly here than the global average. In Nepal the temperature has risen with 0.6 degree over the last decade, whereas the global warming has been around 0.7 over the last hundred years. Sources Of Water 1. Rainwater. 2. Springs. 3. Rivers and lakes. 4. Surface wells. 5. Deep or artesian wells. Rain water takes up the dust and gases from the air, and organic matter from the roofs over which it is collected. The long storing in a cistern gives bacteria opportunity to grow in large numbers, causing the water to be unsafe for drinking purposes. Springs are a source of pure water supply if they are not contaminated by passing through soil which is polluted. Rivers and lakes are a common source of water supply, but they may be made very unfit for drinking if the surface water and sewage from towns and cities is allowed to drain into them. Surface wells are a very unsafe source of drinking water supply, and the water should never be used when there are cesspools, drains, barnyards, or any other sources of contamination within a radius of 200 feet of them. Deep artesian wells furnish pure water as a rule, unless the piping is not tightly jointed, when impure water from a subsoil stream near the surface may enter the pipes. Ice Freezing has little effect upon bacteria except to lessen temporarily their vitality. When the ice melts, the bacteria may again become active. Ice made by artificial means from distilled water is the only pure ice. For cooling drinking water, the water should be placed on the ice and the ice should not be put into the water. Hard And Soft Water Soft water is water in which no mineral matter is dissolved. Hard water is water in which such minerals as lime, magnesium, and iron are dissolved. Boiling precipitates some of the mineral matter, thus tending to soften the water. This mineral deposit may be seen on the inside of a teakettle. Hard water that is to be used for cleansing purposes may be softened by the addition of washing soda, borax, ammonia, potash, or soda lye.